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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Retrial of Joan of Arc, also known as the "nullification trial" or "rehabilitation trial", was a posthumous retrial of Joan of Arc authorized by Pope Callixtus III at the request of Inquisitor-General Jean Bréhal and Joan's mother Isabelle Romée. The purpose of the retrial was to investigate whether the trial of condemnation and its verdict had been handled justly and according to ecclesiastical law. Investigations started in 1452, and a formal appeal followed in November 1455. The inquisitor's final summary of the case in June 1456 described Joan as a martyr and implicated the late Pierre Cauchon with heresy for having convicted an innocent woman in pursuit of a secular vendetta. The court declared her innocent on 7 July 1456.

Contents

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• 1Background
• 2Initial attempts
  • 2.1Bouillé's review of 1450
  • 2.2Cardinal d’Estouteville's intervention of 1452
  • 2.3Retrial and rehabilitation – 1455/56
• 3Footnotes
• 4Further reading
• 5Internet resources
• 6References

Background[edit]

Theologians from the University of Paris were involved in the trial of Joan of Arc in 1431.

Following Joan of Arc’s death in 1431, Charles VII was said to have "felt a very bitter grief" when he heard the news, "promising to exact a terrible vengeance upon the English and women of England".^[1] However, for many years his government failed to make much headway on the battlefield, and the English held on to most of their conquests in northern France.^[2]

Prior to 1449, a number of factors stood in the way of any possible review of Joan’s condemnation. Firstly, the English were still in possession of Paris. The University of Paris had provided assessors for the trial of condemnation at Rouen.^[3] In May 1430, Paris had been held by the Anglo-Burgundian alliance, and the theologians and masters of the university had written to Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy asking that Joan be transferred to the English so she could be placed on trial.^[4] Since the university had played an active part in the proceedings, they could only be brought to account once Paris was captured on 13 April 1436.^[5]

Secondly, Rouen – the site of the trial – was also still held by the English. The documents relating to the original trial were kept in Rouen, and the town did not fall into Charles VII's hands until November 1449.^[6] Historian Régine Pernoudmakes the point that "So long as the English were masters of Rouen, the mere fact that they held the papers in the case, a case which they had managed themselves, maintained their version of what the trial had been".^[6] She adds: "to reproach the King or the Church with having done nothing until that time is tantamount to reproaching the French government with having done nothing to bring the Oradour war criminals to justice before 1945".^[6]

Initial attempts[edit]

Bouillé's review of 1450[edit]

On 15 February 1450, Charles ordered the clergyman Guillaume Bouillé, theologian of the University of Paris, to inquire into the ‘faults and abuses’ committed by Joan's judges and assessors at Rouen, whom Charles accused of having "brought about her death iniquitously and against right reason, very cruelly".^[6] This could potentially cause some difficulties, as a member of the University of Paris was being asked to investigate the verdict based on advice given by other members of the same university, some of whom were still alive and holding prominent positions within Church and State. Charles therefore was very cautious, limiting Bouillé's brief to a preliminary investigation in order to ascertain ‘the truth about the said process and in what manner it was conducted.’ ^[7] Although there was a suspicion of an unjust condemnation, there was no suggestion at this stage of an inquiry leading to the Inquisition revoking its own sentence.^[8]

Yet there were too many prominent people who had been willing collaborators in 1430 that had changed their allegiance once Charles had regained Paris and Rouen that had too much to lose for the proceedings against Joan to be reopened.^[9] They included men such as Jean de Mailly, now the Bishop of Noyon, who had converted to Charles' cause in 1443, but in 1431 had signed letters in the name of King Henry VI of England, guaranteeing English protection to all those who had participated in the case against Joan.^[10] An even greater obstacle was Raoul Roussel, archbishop of Rouen, who had been a fervent supporter of the English cause in Normandy and had participated in Joan’s trial, until he too took an oath of loyalty to Charles in 1450.^[11]

Joan of Arc

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Jeanne d'Arc" redirects here. For other uses, see Jeanne d'Arc (disambiguation) and Joan of Arc (disambiguation).

Saint Joan of Arc
Miniature (15th century)[1]
Virgin and Martyr
Born	6 January c. 1412[2] Domrémy, Duchy of Bar, Kingdom of France[3]
Died	30 May 1431 (aged approx. 19) Rouen, Normandy (then under English rule)
Venerated in	Roman Catholic Church Anglican Communion[4]
Beatified	18 April 1909, Notre Dame de Paris by Pope Pius X
Canonized	16 May 1920, St. Peter's Basilica, Rome by Pope Benedict XV
Feast	30 May
Attributes	armor, banner, sword
Patronage	France; martyrs; captives; military personnel; people ridiculed for their piety; prisoners; soldiers, women who have served in the WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service); and Women's Army Corps

Native name	Jeanne d'Arc
Nickname(s)	La Pucelle The Maid of Orléans (French: La Pucelle d'Orléans)
Allegiance	Kingdom of France
Years of service	1428–1430
Battles/wars	Hundred Years War Loire Campaign: Siege of Orléans Battle of Jargeau Battle of Meung-sur-Loire Battle of Beaugency Battle of Patay March to Reims Siege of Paris Siege of La Charité Siege of Compiègne
Signature

Joan of Arc (French: Jeanne d'Arc,^[5] IPA: [ʒan daʁk]; 6 January c. 1412^[6] – 30 May 1431), nicknamed "The Maid of Orléans" (French: La Pucelle d'Orléans), is considered a heroine of France for her role during the Lancastrian phase of the Hundred Years' War and was canonized as a Roman Catholic saint. Joan of Arc was born to Jacques d'Arc and Isabelle Romée, a peasant family, at Domrémy in north-east France. Joan said she received visions of the ArchangelMichael, Saint Margaret, and Saint Catherine of Alexandria instructing her to support Charles VII and recover France from English domination late in the Hundred Years' War. The uncrowned King Charles VII sent Joan to the siege of Orléans as part of a relief mission. She gained prominence after the siege was lifted only nine days later. Several additional swift victories led to Charles VII's coronation at Reims. This long-awaited event boosted French morale and paved the way for the final French victory.

On 23 May 1430, she was captured at Compiègne by the Burgundian faction, which was allied with the English. She was later handed over to the English^[7] and put on trial by the pro-English Bishop of Beauvais Pierre Cauchon on a variety of charges.^[8] After Cauchon declared her guilty she was burned at the stake on 30 May 1431, dying at about nineteen years of age.^[9]

In 1456, an inquisitorial court authorized by Pope Callixtus III examined the trial, debunked the charges against her, pronounced her innocent, and declared her a martyr.^[9] In the 16th century she became a symbol of the Catholic League, and in 1803 she was declared a national symbol of France by the decision of Napoleon Bonaparte.^[10] She was beatified in 1909 and canonized in 1920. Joan of Arc is one of the nine secondary patron saints of France, along with Saint Denis, Saint Martin of Tours, Saint Louis, Saint Michael, Saint Rémi, Saint Petronilla, Saint Radegund and Saint Thérèse of Lisieux.

Joan of Arc has remained a popular figure in literature, painting, sculpture, and other cultural works since the time of her death, and many famous writers, filmmakers and composers have created works about her. Cultural depictions of herhave continued in films, theater, television, video games, music, and performances to this day.

Contents

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• 1Background
• 2Life
  • 2.1Rise
  • 2.2Military campaigns
  • 2.3Capture
  • 2.4Trial
  • 2.5Cross-dressing charge
  • 2.6Execution
• 3Posthumous events
  • 3.1Retrial
• 4Canonization
• 5Legacy
• 6Visions
• 7Alleged relics
• 8Revisionist theories
• 9See also
• 10Footnotes
• 11References
• 12Further reading
  • 12.1Biographies
  • 12.2Primary sources
  • 12.3Historiography and memory
  • 12.4In French
  • 12.5Related history
• 13External links

SADE - GREATEST HITS - THE BEST OF SADE ♥

Sade (singer)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For the band, see Sade (band).

Sade CBE
Sade performing at the SAP Arena, Mannheim, Germany, in 2011
Born	Helen Folasade Adu 16 January 1959 (age 58) Ibadan, Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria
Residence	Cotswolds, Gloucestershire, England
Nationality	British
Other names	Sade Adu
Alma mater	Saint Martin's School of Art
Occupation	Singer-songwriter composer arranger record producer
Spouse(s)	Carlos Scola Pliego (m. 1989–1995)
Children	Mickailia Adu
Parent(s)	Adebisi Adu Anne Hayes
Musical career
Genres	R&B soul
Instruments	Vocals
Years active	1983–present
Labels	Portrait Epic RCA Sony
Associated acts	Arriva Pride Sade
Website	www.sade.com

Helen Folasade Adu, CBE (Yoruba: Fọláṣadé Adú [fɔ̄láʃādé ādú]; born 16 January 1959), known professionally as Sade Adu or simply Sade (/ʃɑːˈdeɪ/ shah-DAY), is a Nigerian-born British singer-songwriter, composer, arranger and record producer. With members Paul S. Denman, Andrew Hale and Stuart Matthewman, she gained worldwide fame as the lead vocalist of the English band Sade.

Following a brief stint as a fashion designer of men's clothing and part-time model, Adu began backup singing for the band Pride in the early 1980s. Growing attention from record labels led her, along with other fellow band members, to separate from Pride and form the band Sade. Following a record deal with Epic Records the band released their debut album Diamond Life (1984). The album sold over six million copies, becoming one of the top-selling debut recordings of the 1980s, and the best-selling debut ever by a British female vocalist.

Following the release of the band's debut album, they went on to release a string of multi-platinum selling albums. Their follow-up Promise was released in 1985 and peaked at number-one in the UK Albums Chart, the US Billboard 200, and went on to sell four million copies in the US. Sade would later go on to make her acting debut in the British film, Absolute Beginners (1986), before the release of the band's albums, Stronger Than Pride (1988) and Love Deluxe (1992). After the release of the fifth album, Lovers Rock (2000), the band embarked on a ten-year hiatus in which Sade raised her daughter. Following the hiatus, the band returned with their sixth album, Soldier of Love (2010) which became a commercial success and won a Grammy Award.

Sade's US certified sales stand at 23.5 million units (as of 2015) according to Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)^[1] website, and the band has sold more than 50 million units worldwide.

The band was ranked at number 50 on VH1's list of the "100 greatest artists of all time".^[2][3] In 2010, The Sunday Times described her as the most successful solo British female artist in history.^[4] In 2012, Sade was listed at number 30 on VH1's "100 Greatest Women In Music".^[5]

Contents

  [hide] 

• 1Early life
• 2Musical career
  • 2.11980–84: Beginnings and Diamond Life
  • 2.21985–2000: Continued success and first hiatus
  • 2.32000–10: Lovers Rock and second hiatus
  • 2.42010–present: Soldier of Love
• 3Legacy
• 4Personal life
• 5Honours, awards and nominations
• 6Discography
• 7Tours
• 8See also
• 9References
• 10Further reading
• 11External links

Early

Note:

Sade has a style that reminds me of Lena Horne.

LAMH